There are several areas of active clinical and laboratory research. The first focus is examining the pathophysiology and treatment of ischemic and epileptic brain injury utilizing in vivo flourescence to measure intracellular brain pH, NAD-NADH redox state, and cerebral blood flow. In addition, scanning electron microscopy is used to determine mitochondrial and nuclear injury. The second research endeavor is clinical in which high resolution realtime infrared imaging is being used during neurosurgical operations to map functioning cortical brain regions, tumor margins, and epileptic foci.